Gmat sentence correction 22 , 23

22). A recent study has found that within the past few years, many doctors had elected early retirement rather than face the threats of lawsuits and the rising costs of malpractice insurance.

(A) had elected early retirement rather than face

(B) had elected early retirement instead of facing

(C) have elected retiring early instead of facing

(D) have elected to retire early rather than facing

(E) have elected to retire early rather than face

23). In metalwork one advantage of adhesive-bonding over spot-welding is that the contact, and hence the bonding, is effected continuously over a broad surface instead of a series of regularly spaced points with no bonding in between.

A) instead of

B) as opposed to

C) in contrast with

D) rather than at

E) as against being at

Answer -

22). Best answer choice is E

A, B - wrong tense 'had elected'
C - here preference is shown so use of 'instead of' is incorrect.
D - violating parallelism - D has parallelism problem. ...elected to retire....rather than facing....

Hence E is the best choice.

23). D is the best choice, as preference is suggested in the sentence.

A - "instead of " - incorrect - not a substitute
B - "as opposed to" - incorrect - there is no argument
C - "in contrast with" - incorrect
E - "being" - incorrect - as use of 'being'- not entertained in Gmat .